Table 3.
Summary of associations between forest-based interventions and health effects/outcomes on the cardiovascular system.
| Health Effects/Outcomes | Forest-Based Interventions | Reference of Association (+) | Reference of Association (+/−) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system | Blood pressure | Walking/sitting in and viewing forest area | Ideno, Y. et al. (2017) [28] | |
| Walking in forest area | Oh, B. et al. (2017) [19] | |||
| Walking/activity/rest in forest area | Wen, Y. et al. (2019) [36] | |||
| Heart and pulse rate | Walking/activity/rest in forest area | Wen, Y. et al. (2019) [36] | ||
| Sitting in and viewing forest area/walking and activities in the forest | Ideno, Y. et al. (2017) [28] | |||
| Cardio Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) | Walking in forest area | Oh, B. et al. (2017) [19] | ||
| HRV | Walking/activity/rest in forest area | Wen, Y. et al. (2019) [36] |
HRV: heart rate variability; +: mainly an improvement; +/−: mixed results.