Table 1. Reported Cases of Idiopathic, Adult-onset Tic Disorders.
| Reference | No. of Cases | Sex | Age at Onset | Associated Psychiatric Symptom | Family History | Tics | Body Part or Description of Tic | Treatment | Course |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agrawal and Shrestha26 | 1 | F | 25 | None | No tics | Simple motor | Bilateral ear movements | Haloperidol, benztropine, clonidine, and clonazepam not effective. Improvement with verapamil | - |
| Araneta et al.27 | 1 | M | 35 | Anxiety | None | Motor and vocal tics | Whistling, smacking lips, making involuntary noises, kicking and crossing leg, grunting, shoulders movement, echolalia and coprolalia | Temporary improvement with haloperidol, thiorizadine, chloropromazine. Poor response to valium, artane, ECT. | Waxed and waned |
| Chouinard and Ford5 | 7 | M | 24 | None | Tics | Multiple motor | Neck/arms | No benefit from trihexiphenydil, clonazepam, tetrabenazine, pimozide | Stable over 2 years |
| M | 30 | None | Tics | Vocal and multiple motor tics | Face/arms | Improved on verapamil | Waxed/waned over 45 years | ||
| M | 40 | None | Tics | Multiple motor | Face | No benefit from diazepam, clonazepam | Wax and waned over 4 years | ||
| M | 42 | OCD | Tics | Multiple motor | Face/neck | Untreated | Improved over 6 years | ||
| M | 49 | OCD | Tics | Multiple motor | Face/neck/arms | No benefit from clonazepam, haloperidol, pimozide | Waxed and waned over 1.5 years | ||
| M | 46 | OCD | Tics | Phonic | face/larynx; respiratory tic | Improvement on diazepam | Waxed and waned over 3 years | ||
| M | 25 | OCD | Tics | Multiple verbal | Coprolalia | Untreated | Waxed and waned over 15 years | ||
| Eapen et al.4 | 3 | M | 30 | Anxiety | Multiple motor and vocal | Sniffing, throat-clearing, clicking, humming; head, face, and extremity tics | Side effect with sulpiride | Improved off medication | |
| M | 57 | Obsessive traits, depression | Motor and vocal | face, shoulder, extremities; sniffing, coughing | Did not warrant medication | - | |||
| M | 26 | OCB | Multiple motor and vocal | Palilalia | Side effect with sulpiride | - | |||
| Erro et al.25 | 1 | M | 36 | Depression | Depression in one patient | Motor dystonic, clonic | BoNT: partial benefit; trihexyphenydil, baclofen, tetrabenazine: no benefit | ||
| M | 25 | Anxiety | Motor dystonic, clonic, phonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| M | 30 | Depression | Motor dystonic, clonic, phonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| M | 40 | None | Motor dystonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| M | 35 | Panic attacks, paranoia | Motor dystonic, clonic | BoNT: no benefit | |||||
| M | 50 | None | Motor dystonic + clonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| M | 70 | None | Motor dystonic + clonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| M | 40 | None | Motor dystonic, clonic, phonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| M | 65 | None | Motor dystonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| M | 31 | Drug addiction, anxiety, depression | Motor dystonic, clonic, phonic | – | |||||
| F | 40 | None | Motor dystonic, clonic, phonic | BoNT: improvement | |||||
| Fliman and Dickman28 | 1 | M | 66 | Depression, psychosis | Tics | Vocal and motor tics, echolalia, palilalia, echopraxia | No benefit with thioridazine and perphenazine; good response to clonidine | ||
| Marneros29 | 1 | M | 35 | Hyperactivity | Tics | Motor and vocal | Coprolalia | No benefit with neuroleptics, antidepressants, or anticonvulsants; slight relief with haloperidol | |
| Sutula and Hobbs30 | 1 | M | 81 | None | No tics | Multiple motor and vocal | Guttural sounds, belching, barking noises, repeating “boogie” (palilalia), grunts, belching, grimacing, and spitting | Complete cessation of symptoms with haloperidol | |
| Total reported | 26 | 25M | Mean: 14.9, SD 20.9 |
Abbreviations: BoNT, Botulinum Toxin; ECT, Electroconvulsive Therapy; OCB, Obsessive Compulsive Behavior; OCD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; SD, Standard Deviation.