Table 2.
Participant characteristics
| HC group, n = 40 | CC group, n = 40 | MCI group, n = 40 | p (post hoc differences) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 71.0 (5.1) | 73.3 (6.0) | 72.9 (7.1) | NS |
| Education, y | 16.6 (2.7) | 16.4 (2.8) | 16.3 (3.3) | NS |
| Sex (M/F) | 12/28 | 16/24 | 23/17 | 0.042 |
| APOE E4 (−/+)* | 24/16 | 31/9 | 20/18 | 0.063 |
| ANART, est. of verbal IQ | 122.8 (4.7) | 120.7 (6.3) | 120.7 (6.6) | NS |
| Barona FSIQ est.† | 116.1 (5.6) | 116.2 (5.4) | 115.8 (6.1) | NS |
| MMSE (max. 30) | 29.1 (1.0) | 28.9 (1.2) | 27.2 (2.2) | <0.001** |
| DRS total score (max. 144) | 141.0 (2.1) | 141.3 (2.4) | 137.0 (4.6) | <0.001** |
| CVLT Total 1–5 (max. 80)‡ | 48.6 (6.8) | 47.1 (8.6) | 32.6 (6.0) | <0.001** |
| Short delay (max. 16) | 11.2 (1.9) | 10.4 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.7) | <0.001** |
| Long delay (max. 16) | 11.8 (2.0) | 10.5 (2.8) | 5.6 (2.7) | <0.001** |
| WMS-III LM immediate (max. 75) | 48.0 (7.4) | 45.6 (8.2) | 33.6 (8.5) | <0.001** |
| LM delay (max. 50) | 31.6 (6.1) | 28.4 (6.8) | 18.8 (7.9) | <0.001** |
| Verbal memory§ | ||||
| Composite (Z) | 0.01 (0.62) | −0.36 (0.79) | −2.24 (0.76) | <0.001** |
| Tests below cutoff | 0.35 (0.74) | 0.85 (1.05) | 3.58 (1.39) | <0.001** |
| CC scales | ||||
| Overall CCI (%)¶ | 9.8 (6.4) | 30.0 (9.5) | 34.8 (13.9) | <0.001§§ |
| Squire Memory (max. 18) | 5.3 (3.5) | 11.0 (3.8) | 11.3 (4.4) | <0.001§§ |
| ADL self (max. 54) | 3.2 (3.0) | 12.7 (6.7) | 14.4 (9.6) | <0.001§§ |
| ADL informant (max. 54) | 1.7 (2.2) | 8.0 (7.6) | 13.2 (10.6) | <0.001†† |
| IQCODE self (max. 16) | 1.6 (2.3) | 5.5 (3.0) | 5.8 (3.5) | <0.001§§ |
| IQCODE informant (max. 16) | 2.2 (1.2) | 3.9 (2.4) | 5.3 (3.2) | <0.002‡‡ |
| GDS cognitive items (max. 4) | 0.4 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.3) | <0.001§§ |
| Memory interview (max. 10) | 2.2 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.9) | 5.2 (2.5) | <0.001§§ |
| MAQ (max. pace 23) | 2.0 (1.6) | 4.0 (2.0) | 4.8 (1.9) | <0.001§§ |
| GDS-NC (max. 26) | 1.8 (2.5) | 3.6 (3.1) | 3.5 (3.2) | <0.01§§ |
| HAM-D61# | 0.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (1.8) | 1.2 (2.0) | NS |
| Hachinski Ischemia score62 (max. 18) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | NS |
| Revised Ischemia score63 (max. 52)|| | 4.6 (0.9) | 4.7 (1.1) | 4.7 (1.3) | NS |
APOE data missing for two participants in MCI group.
Demographically based estimate of full-scale IQ.53
California Verbal Learning Test-I/II, Total Learning Trials 1 through 5 (maximum 80), short and long delay free recall (maximum 16 per trial).
Composite is the mean age, education and sex adjusted Z score for the five verbal memory measures; tests below cutoff is the number of verbal memory tests out of five that fell ≥1.5 SDs below control group mean.
Cognitive Complaint Index (CCI), percentage of all complaint items endorsed in a positive (i.e., symptomatic) direction. See text for references for the component scales.
Available for 43 participants (HCs, 15; CCs 16; MCI, 12).
Available for 96 participants (HCs, 29, CCs, 34, MCI, 33).
For analyses of variance post hoc group contrasts:
MCI vs HCs, CCs;
MCI vs CC vs HC;
MCI vs HCs;
MCI, CC vs HC with direction indicated by the table values. For sex, χ2 differed for HCs vs MCI only. For APOE, MCI had a higher frequency of the E4 allele than CCs.
HC = healthy control; CC = cognitive complaint; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; NS = not significant; ANART = American National Adult Reading Test; FSIQ = full-scale IQ; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; DRS = Dementia Rating Scale-2; CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test-I/II; WMS-III = Wechsler Memory Scale III; LM = logical memory; CCI = Cognitive Complaint Index; ADL = activities of daily living; IQCODE = Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; MAQ = Memory Assessment Questionnaire; GDS-NC = Geriatric Depression Scale noncognitive items; HAM-D = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.