Table 3.
Net impact of Bt on household living standard
| Explanatory variables | Consumption expenditure (Rs/y) |
| Bt area (acres) | 197.65 (1,227.07) |
| Bt area 2006–2008 (acres) | 2,825.65** (1,196.64) |
| 2004 | 19,433.01*** (4,543.11) |
| 2006 | 1,257.58 (5,653.66) |
| 2008 | 9,250.43 (5,937.91) |
| R2 | 0.17 |
| Hausman test | 35.50*** |
**, ***, Coefficient is statistically significant at the 5% and 1% level, respectively. Coefficient estimates are shown with SEs in parentheses. Household expenditures were deflated using the consumer price index. Estimates are based on panel regressions with household fixed effects to control for nonrandom selection bias. The reference year is 2002. Control variables include cotton area, so that the coefficients of Bt area and Bt area 2006–2008 can be interpreted as the net effect of Bt technology (full model results with all control variables are shown in Table S4). The Hausman test result shows that fixed-effects are preferred over a random-effects specification. Rs, Indian Rupees.